Implement some trivial size_hints for various iterators
This also implements ExactSizeIterator where applicable.
Addresses most of the Iterator traits mentioned in #23708.
I intend to do more, but I don't want to make the PR too large.
Instead, expose apparently-fallible conversions in cases where
the implementation happens to be infallible for a given target.
Having an associated type / return type in a public API change
based on the target is a portability hazard.
Fix confusing doc for `scan`
The comment "the value passed on to the next iteration" confused me since it sounded more like what Haskell's [scanl](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/base-4.11.0.0/docs/Prelude.html#v:scanl) does where the closure's return value serves as both the "yielded value" *and* the new value of the "state".
I tried changing the example to make it clear that the closure's return value is decoupled from the state argument.
Use an uninitialized buffer in GenericRadix::fmt_int, like in Display::fmt for numeric types
The code using a slice of that buffer is only ever going to use
bytes that are subsequently initialized.
Introduce unsafe offset_from on pointers
Adds intrinsics::exact_div to take advantage of the unsafe, which reduces the implementation from
```asm
sub rcx, rdx
mov rax, rcx
sar rax, 63
shr rax, 62
lea rax, [rax + rcx]
sar rax, 2
ret
```
down to
```asm
sub rcx, rdx
sar rcx, 2
mov rax, rcx
ret
```
(for `*const i32`)
See discussion on the `offset_to` tracking issue https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/41079
Some open questions
- Would you rather I split the intrinsic PR from the library PR?
- Do we even want the safe version of the API? https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/41079#issuecomment-374426786 I've added some text to its documentation that even if it's not UB, it's useless to use it between pointers into different objects.
and todos
- [x] ~~I need to make a codegen test~~ Done
- [x] ~~Can the subtraction use nsw/nuw?~~ No, it can't https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/49297#discussion_r176697574
- [x] ~~Should there be `usize` variants of this, like there are now `add` and `sub` that you almost always want over `offset`? For example, I imagine `sub_ptr` that returns `usize` and where it's UB if the distance is negative.~~ Can wait for later; C gives a signed result https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/41079#issuecomment-375842235, so we might as well, and this existing to go with `offset` makes sense.
The comment "the value passed on to the next iteration" confused me since it sounded more like what Haskell's [scanl](http://hackage.haskell.org/package/base-4.11.0.0/docs/Prelude.html#v:scanl) does where the closure's return value serves as both the "yielded value" *and* the new value of the "state".
I tried changing the example to make it clear that the closure's return value is decoupled from the state argument.
Stabilize the copy_closures and clone_closures features
In addition to the `Fn*` family of traits, closures now implement `Copy` (and similarly `Clone`) if all of the captures do.
Tracking issue: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/44490
Document format_args! / Arguments<'a> behavior wrt. Display and Debug
This is a follow up PR to #49067 , this documents the behavior of `format_args!` (i.e: `Argument<'a>`) wrt. `Display` and `Debug`.
r? @steveklabnik
Remove core::fmt::num::Decimal
Before ebf9e1aaf6, it was used for Display::fmt, but ebf9e1aaf6 replaced
that with a faster implementation, and nothing else uses it.
Adds intrinsics::exact_div to take advantage of the unsafe, which reduces the implementation from
```asm
sub rcx, rdx
mov rax, rcx
sar rax, 63
shr rax, 62
lea rax, [rax + rcx]
sar rax, 2
ret
```
down to
```asm
sub rcx, rdx
sar rcx, 2
mov rax, rcx
ret
```
(for `*const i32`)
bors